understanding media

Understanding structure and ownership in the creative media sector 

In this online information guide i will share information about the structure and sizes of different media sectors. Within the creative media industry in the UK there are around 500,000 employees overall. This is added up through all sectors of media.(Wowbc.co.uk, 2016)

FILM

One sector of  media is film. Film has different structures. The order of these is development, pre production, production, post production and  distribution. The development stage is the first stage in which the ideas for the film are created, rights to books/plays are bought and the screenplay is written. The pre production stage is where the preparations are made for the shoot, the cast and crew are hired, locations are selected and sets are built. The Production stage is when the actual shooting of the film happens happens. After this is the post production stage where the images, sounds and visual effects of the recorded film are edited.The audio for the film is finalized. Lastly the distribution stage is when it is published for people to watch as in cinemas and DVD's are made and sold in shops. Film industries make their income through films. This could be the selling of DVD's or Blue-rays. It could also be through the box office returns. meaning how many people pay to watch the film in the first few days of it arriving in cinemas. Aardman productions is an example of a film industry and the best one in the UK. This companies revenue is $21.98 and net income is $4.267. The gross profit is $0 as well as the operating income and diluted EPS. (Hoovers.com, 2016)

Ownership of the different sectors: Film companies such as Disney are conglomerates. Conglomerates are a group or institution that owns large numbers of companies. A company that Disney owns is marvel. Marvel is the company best known for its fictional characters such as Spider man and Captain America. Disney is the worlds second largest media conglomerate. Disney receive their income in many different ways. These could include DVD sales, as Disney films are continuously being re produced and they are aimed at a large audience. This ranges from young children to family audiences. They also receive income though the Disney parks around the world. These parks are visited year round by many people. Mainly families but plenty of them. This means Disney are receiving a substantial amount of money day by day. These parks sell a range of merchandise. These include; t-shirts, drinks bottles, magnets, caps/hats, a lot of different toys and much much more meaning there is a lot of income being produced from merchandise. Disney have many advantages over their competitors one of the biggest ones is it's theme parks. There are a lot of families that travel to these parks from all over the world. The Disney theme parks are most definitely the most visited theme parks in the world. As well as this, other advantages include the strength of the brands and loyalty of their customers.(babyrd) 

TV

Television is one of the largest sectors in media, it employs around 56000 workers which can span from runners towards administrators to directors.  People tend to jump from one project to another rather than be stuck to one studio or production company unless you are specialized in one sector, such as editing. The main focus is to create high quality work that can be broadcast in a selected country. Different countries have different ways of transmitting these programs. These can be through; Analogue, digital, satellite, cable(fiber optic) or  internet television.  In Britain we use servers like; sky, virgin media or BT and more. Television has basic channels which include BBC. ITV, Channel 4, and channel 5. These are also known as terrestrial channels. BBC is the most known TV channel in the UK. (twood95)

Ownership of the different sectors: competition happens in a lot of different ways in the television industry. These could be competition for audiences, competition for programming or competition for advertisers. Audience stations compete for viewership normally against other leisure activities that people might like to engage on rather than watching TV. Whereas broadcasts stations compete against one an other for the audience share, specifically on the basis of program popularity. This has a direct effect on the advertising rates. So basically, each TV channel competes with each other to try and get the most people watching their programs. They do this by creating advertisements stating that the programme will be showing on their channel and no other. The audience may like that TV programme but not necessarily like the channel, however they are going to watch the programmes that they like. This means the channels will try and show the most watched programmes to receive the most viewings and potentially the most money. For example, Channel 4 may be competing with BBC because they both want the most views. The BBC use their income to pay for the cost of showing programmes etc. So therefore they earn money from the amount of views of a programme or merchandise they might sell. But all of that money will go towards something else that the business runs. For example, another programme that is going to show. (About the BBC) Channel 4 make income through showing worldwide, but also selling merchandise such as Box Sets. They could also make it through sponsorships (when a programme is sponsored by a product or company). 

    

RADIO

Employers of radio range in size from the BBC and larger commercial radio groups to not-for-profit community radio stations ran mainly by volunteers. This means that whilst companies such as BBC focus on a whole range of services, there are radio companies that focus on just radio. Radio stations have to be licensed under regulation of Of-Com. There are four types of radio, these include; Satellite, internet, low powered radio stations and digital radio. Radio can then be split into two standard groups, commercial broadcasters (independent local radio in the UK) and none commercial (public service broadcasters). 

Public service broadcasters are funded mainly by public money received from the licence free. This is set by the government. Independent local radio is mainly funded through the sales of the advertising spots on their radio station. 

There can be not-for-profit radio stations which are found in hospitals, schools and universities. 

The radio industries employ around 22,000 people and they require highly trained skills that only certain people have. Some of the jobs that radio stations require are; reporters, presenters, broadcast assistant, producer, station manager, sales and marketing executive, news editor, broadcast journalist, programme controller and commercial producer. (twood95)

An example of a privately owned radio station would be Capital. This is one out of eleven of the privately owned radio stations. It is owned and operated by Global Radio. Capital has had many different names along the way, such as hit music and galaxy. The advantages of privately owned radio stations are they produce what the listeners want to hear. This means they will not loose ratings because people can listen to exactly what they want to listen to rather than lots of adverts between song's. However this could also be a disadvantage because the station could entertain the audience more than informing them. There isn't a balance between what the audience want to hear and the advertising content. (brettd)

PUBLISHING

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https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/193582/Creative_Industries_Mapping_Document_Publishing.pdf                

This is a graph of the industry revenues in publishing. In the UK, print publishing companies grew £9.9 billion in 1990 to £13.3 billion in 1996. The publishing sector has grew massively in the last 10 years. There are a number of sectors in publishing. These include; newspapers, magazines, books and anything else that's been printed. There are around 8,000 publishing companies in the UK. The UK publishing industry is the second largest in Europe. It prvides jobs for 164,000 people. (nibusinessinfo.co.uk)

The UK magazine market grew by 8.2% from 1993 to 1996. This is due to rising advertisement revenues and consumer expenditure. As certain magazine titles close down, new ones are being brought in therefore there is no drop in selling them. 

The book market has increased by 7.1% over the same period of time. The number of titles has grew strongly over between 1990 and 1996. However in 1997 there was a slight fall, but it was inconclusive. This was because of the demise of the Net Book agreement. 

The newspaper market saw a small real-terms increase over the same period with an increase of 0.9%. This was because of facing the newsprint costs, price wars and a decline in advertising revenue. However there was a significant growth on the regional and local press, which saw advertising revenues increase by 8.7%in 1997. They maintained their share of advertising in the market around 21%. 

The number of copies of newspapers being sold in the UK is dropping. This is due to people being able to read the news online or rather watch TV these days. However the UK has one of the highest levels of newspaper readership in the UK. The majority of adults read at least one newspaper a week.The total amount of employment in the publishing industry including (printing, paper manufacturing and creative writing) is 450,000 fluctuating at this much for several years. 

An example of a book publishing company would be 'York publishing services Ltd' found in North Yorkshire. A newspaper publishing company in the UK, as an example, would be the 'Daily Mail and General Trust'. Lastly, an example of a magazine publishing company in the UK would be 'Hearst magazines' found in London. 

An advantage of print publishing is the distribution. Because you are placing the text in the audiences hands, you don't have to link/send them to a website for them to read off. Another would be the marketing. The writers can direct a text at a specific audience as well as making a profit. A disadvantage would be time. This is bad because it takes a lot of time to writer and edit and also for it to be printed. 

The writer or producer of any printed product have legal ownership of that text they produce. Which then means they they profit form the distribution of their text. Because of the size of printer companies now they are able to move into different areas of media. This is cross media ownership. The disadvantages of cross media ownership is that its very persuasive. Another disadvantage would be privacy. However there are advantages which consist of; reduced costs meaning bigger companies have more purchasing power, therefore they can reduce product costs. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/193582/Creative_Industries_Mapping_Document_Publishing.pdf. The advantages  

ADVERTISING AND MARKETING

Advertising and marketing includes things such as companies creating adverts, this could be on the TV or on billboards, posters in cinemas or on bus stops and more. The marketing side includes things like 'Brave' which is a marketing agency in London. This company works with companies such as; Barclay's, Arsenal FC, Sky, madame Tussaud's and Umbro. This company creates advertisements, that makes you want to watch or use a product. An example of an advertising company could be 'Grey' also situated in London. This company has almost 500 workers involved. It creates things that aren't just still, for example the 'Volvo lifePaint'. Advertisements are all about wanting to sell a product. For example, they want the product to look the best it can for people to want to either watch or used the product. This could be an advertisement for a TV programme or film, or even for a new deodorant spray or a car. 

The current total for the number of employees in the industry is 96,000 people. 19,000 of these are self employed. 83% of the advertising industry, are found in and around London. From the total figure, 63% of these are woman.
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/193572/Creative_Industries_Mapping_Document_Advertising.pdf

Multinationals have power over the advertising sector. In the top 200 magazine campaigns, half of the total billings account towards the top 20 agencies. These agencies are found in London and have top spending consumer brands. These brands offer full service across all media sectors. They also have links internationally. These are either through memberships of international networks or if it is owned by a multinational. There is a total of 200 companies and 47 of them are independently owned medium sized companies. However these are under threat of pressure from the other 20 large companies. This is all happening as the industry moves towards international marketing conglomerates. As well as all this, the number of mall agencies is growing increasingly across the regions. 

ANIMATION

Animation has grown sufficiently due to expanding markets and more popularity. This could be in TV programmes, Games and Films. New technologies have broadened both the production and consumption of animation/cartoons. 'Worlds of production' have emerged and therefore more animated films are produced now. Animation production systems rely on different technologies and labour skills. This means animations globalization has taken place differently to live-action film production. The animation industry has adapted its software-dependant production system. 

The animation sector of media comprises over 250 businesses. The animation sector consists of many small and medium businesses and very few big companies. 4,700 people over all are employed in the animation industry. 

The demand for animated entertainment has expanded with the increase in broadcasting hours. This is by cable and satellite TV, also because of the huge growing popularity of the internet. Originally animation was aimed at the younger populations, on children's TV etc. However it has grown to being produced for teenagers an then adults and the whole family. 

The major animation markets are found in; United States, Canada, Japan, France, Britain and Germany. There is competition throughout all of these countries with animation as to who has produced the most and the best, it is competed for globally. Animation has been advertised by its franchises/merchandise, licensed operations for T-shirts, caps and other items as a major source of income. Animation is increasing in video games, especially in places such as Japan. (Etd.ohiolink.edu)

INTERACTIVE MEDIA

The media industry in itself is growing vastly, it is one of the fastest growing industries. It is continuously evolving with new and more developed technologies. Interactive media is used for many different reasons. These include; e-books, interactive TV, museum touch screen appliances and interactive whiteboards in education circumstances. These products usually comprise a number of multimedia and interactive elements. These elements are used to engage and entertain the users and in certain cases educate them. The distribution of interactive appliances can be web-based but they are primarily used on CD/DVD ROM.  

In total in the interactive media sector, there are 15,000 employees. Interactive media receives over 4 billion dollars across Washington. 

Interactive media involves the engaging communication between online users through an online programme. In order for interactive media companies to succeed financially, they mus constantly be updating developing ideas and improving on what they already have. This is also to help them attract global audiences. (prezi.com)

Product diversity: Amazon as an example, offers a large and divers range of products ad services which include; Amazon supply, Amazon prime, Amazon local and many others. All these services put together, bring in the revenue for Amazon itself. 
http://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/139149-level-2-unit-13-interactive-media-production.pdf

GAMES AND PHOTO IMAGING

The gaming industry is in a large global market. The first game was released in the 1950's called 'Tennis for two'. From this the gaming world has grew hugely. Gaming our days consists of 3D graphics, high quality images and free hands gaming. The largest gaming company is Nintendo, it is also the oldest gaming company.  A company that is massively recognised is EA. EA create games of all different genres and platforms. They also create games specific online gaming. In the U.S they employee more than 42,000 people in 36 states. (Ukie.org.uk)

Some companies that are involved in photo imaging are; Argus, Canon, Casio and magnum. However Kodak is most now for its photographic film products. The photo imaging industry is made up of 8,700 companies. 68% of these are sole trading or freelance photographers. The other companies can be pout into these categories; image producers, photo retail, picture libraries and agencies, manufacturers and support services. There are over 43,100 workers in the photo imaging industry. 51% of these re in the south of England. (twood95)

Ownership; For example, Instagram is owned by Facebook. This is governed by Accel. Accel fund and partner companies from the beginning through the growth stage. Snappy snaps is a private sector company that does not own or sister company with any other businesses. 

Bibliography

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/193582/Creative_Industries_Mapping_Document_Publishing.pdf

(Online Vs. Print Publication)

https://twood95.wordpress.com/2011/11/25/structure-and-ownership-in-the-media-industries/

http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Nexstar_Broadcasting_Group_(NXST)/Competition_Television_Industry

https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1212779559&disposition=inline

http://www.ocr.org.uk/Images/139149-level-2-unit-13-interactive-media-production.pdf

http://www.wtb.wa.gov/Documents/NGAconferenceinteractivemedia.pdf

https://prezi.com/munaten1_hbe/interactive-media-industry/

http://ukie.org.uk/research

Hoovers.com, (2016). !company_name! | Revenue and Financial Reports. [online] Available at: http://www.hoovers.com/company-information/cs/revenue-financial.AARDMAN_ANIMATIONS_LIMITED.83676f96b7c7999a.html [Accessed 19 Jan. 2016].

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/193572/Creative_Industries_Mapping_Document_Advertising.pdf

music video assignment

Understanding music videos

The main purposes of music videos are to promote the artist and to increase the songs popularity and income. Music videos could be an extended outcome to appeal to larger audiences for example 'Gangnam Style'. This is the most viewed video on YouTube. Artistic expansion is a way for an artist to create something different, something artistic that may lead them to appealing to a larger audience, also showing their creative side.http://www.slideshare.net/JwhiteheadUK/music-video-purpose-style-conventions-and-techniques
 An example of one of these would be Gotye's 'somebody that i used to know'. 

PROMOTIONAL
Music videos are made to promote a product. They are made to encourage audiences to buy certain products. Promotion videos vary between 3 minutes and 10. If they are under 3 minutes long they are classed as advertisements.
A promotional video is made to show the audiences the best parts to show off the product. A good promotional video can have serious effects on the demand for a certain product, if all the best parts are shown and the video isn't too boring then people will want to buy the product.
(https://rumercooper.wordpress.com/boa-college/final-major-project-coc/whats-the-purpose-of-a-promotional-video/)
A promotional music video is to appeal to a visual audience. An example of one of these would be Elastic Heart which is one of the most watched music videos. It appeals visually making people want to watch it.  

EXTENSION OF INCOME
Music videos can also be created to receive income. A producer may not be getting enough income therefore he makes a music video. Doing this is still creative and also gets them noticed, meaning they can receive the income they need. Watching music videos may encourage audiences to purchase a number of items; singles, albums, merchandise such as wristbands, t-shirts etc. It can raise the profile of the artist or group and this encourages audiences to attend tours/festivals. This raises the income of the group or artist or video maker. From a film makers side, the more music videos they make, the more income they are going to receive. Music videos are not generally made for free, therefore the more known they become, the more money they will get. 
                                The best music video 2015- Grammy award winner.

EXTENSION OF OUTLETS
Music videos can allow artists to extend outlets of which they can be seen from. For example; Music channels, websites, YouTube and Smart phones. When the music video is shown on anyone of these outlets, they are increasing the chance of more people viewing it, and becoming a fan. They could even become a fan of the video maker. Music videos attract a wider audience than audio tracks do because people would rather watch the video than listen to the track. People buying it may not really like music but enjoy watching the video.
Examples of music channels that show the music videos of each song. 

SYNERGY
Synergy is where two products or companies combine to make a video, and use the video as a platform so they receive success in the areas they want too. For example, a music video might have been made to increase the publicity of a film. However this could also turn out successful in its own right. An example of this could be the James Bond music video/song sang by Sam Smith, 'Writing's on the wall'. The film being James Bond which is very popular, increased the publicity of the song, which is hear all over the radio and popular music channels. 

PRODUCER STRATEGIES
There are three potential 'producers': 

• The Major label
• The independent music label
• The Artist

Producers use strategies such as image, Budget, Narrative, Production Techniques, Controversy, remaking and Promotion.

IMAGE (as an example) : A particular style or change of image can affect the success of a music artist. This may be influenced by the style of music adopted on a new album. An example of this could be Robbie Williams. He created a swing music album and this was reflected in the vintage costume used in his concert performances and music videos, therefore helping him to appeal to a new (wider) audience.

A major label is a record label, such as the 'American record company' and 'Epic'. Record labels are a brand that music recordings and videos are marketed by. A record label is also a publishing company where the brands or trademarks are managed. They also; coordinate the production, manufacture, distribution, marketing, promotion, and enforcement of copyright for sound recordings and music videos. They maintain contracts with recording artist and their managers. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label 

An independent label is also known as an 'indie label'. This means that you operate without the funding of major record labels. Bands and Artist usually begin their careers on independent labels. 


Conventions 

Music videos are composed of different techniques to make them unique. The main conventions are; 

Allusion the way something is filmed to make it look like something has happened. Which then makes the audience think it has happened. However it was only edited. A lot of movies use this edit. It is used to be less in your face than concept but very similar. Allusion in music videos means referencing it. This could be done by the main singer of the song, could reference another singer simply by wearing something similar to what the other singer would wear. This isn't blatantly in your face to show it but its still there as a minor thing.  

Links to other artists is used in music videos when another artist is referenced in the video. Such as the music video 'Bounce' where Elvis is mentioned. This is sort of linked to allusion. Other artists could reference other artist by simply singing about them. They could also do this by maybe creating a music video that is similar to the artist they are trying to reference that people would recognize. 

Lyrical interpretations are when in a music video the scene shows what the lyrics are saying for example in Eminem's 'Stan'. It is exactly the same as Goodwin's theory of links to lyrics and visuals. This means something will be on the screen that connects with what the singer is singing or singing about. It is sometimes over used in certain music videos making them seem less creative. Also meaning that the creators may not have been bothered to think outside the box much and just put something simpler together. However it is perfect for people who are wanting their videos to represent and reflect on the songs meaning itself. Rebecca Black's song 'Friday' is a great example of this. 

Most songs have deeper subtitle meanings, which can also be shown in the music video by extending a songs meaning. 

Extending/consolidating song's meaning in a music video is when symbolism is used to further push the meaning of the song, or to add more of a meaning. It could also be used to bring the lyrics together into a visual explanation of what the song actually means. this can be used in a very simple straight forward song, however the music video could be very consolidating. For example in the music video of lily allens 'LDN'. She is singing about a general perspective of London and being nice, however in the music video when she starts to walk away, everything turns dark and grey. This extends the meanings of the lyrics in a very clever way. 

Styles

All music videos are different, but follow the same styles. The styles consist of;

Popular music, is a genre in which you have different genres of music meaning it has a wide appeal to audiences. For example, gangnam style was popular because of the video, due to the dance moves, therefore the audience was able to join in. After a while, everyone knew the song and the dance moves. 

Performance based styles are showing the artist performing at a real concert/gig. When the singer performs they're showing everyone what style their song is, by the dancers, outfits etc. This is basically when there are shots of the artist actually performing, this could be dancing, singing ect. 

Music videos can sometimes have narratives, these videos tell the audience a story, an example of this would be the song 'Wake me up when September ends' by Green Day. These music videos have lots of fast cuts to the beat. They often use intertextuality. Sometimes the artist could be a part of the story, eg a character ect. 


Surreal music videos have unexpected images which can make them more memorable and sometimes more fun.

There is also such thing as animated music videos. One example is 'Miss atomic bomb' by The Killers. 

Music videos can also be comedic, which are referred to as 'parody' or 'pastiche'. These are not serious videos.

Interpretative, this is when the song makes people interpret what they see, but the music video is interpreted in a different way.   

Impressionist is when the music video takes the audience away from reality, into a fantasy.

Referencing is referencing a piece of music in a film. 

Homepage is when the artist shows respect to someone or something. For example, in Chris browns song 'She ain't you' he wears the same clothes and performs the same dance moves as Michael Jackson.                                     

Techniques

There are many different techniques that can be used within a music video. These consist of;

Cutting to the beat, this means that the shots are edited so that they move with the music. Or a certain move is performed along with the beat.

Miming/lip syncing, this is commonly used in music videos. This is where the artist sings along to the song, but without any sound actually coming out. As the song is all edited in to the video afterwards. 

Camera angles/shots/movements add excitement to the video. These consist of; pans, tilts, crabs and tracking shots. Various shot types could also create a meaning or tone for the audience. There can be angles from above or below. Closer and further away shots also to make the artist look smaller or larger. an example of this could be 'hey there porsche' by Nelly. 

Chroma key is when a blue or green screen is replaced with an image, still or moving. For example, text could be put in the background with the artist in front of them which is done by editing the screen. 

Mise-en-scene, is crucial in a music video. It helps to create the desired mood whether its, anger, passion, love etc. n example would be Michael Jacksons 'You rock my world'. Which sticks to the theme of 1930's to 1950's.

Multi-image is when there is more than one things happening at the same time on screen. When there is more action to look at which gives it a more interesting look. The screen could split, say into three and there woould be different things happening in each section. This is an example of multi-image from R.Kelly's song 'Same Girl'. 

pre production

Planning my short film

STEP 1- PRODUCTION

The type of production i am writing about is a film, however there are other productions that could be included, such as a TV programme, A game etc. A film is created through these 5 stages, it will start with development, which is where the rough idea is created and a storyline and script is created/planned. Then comes the pre-production stage this is where plans and designs are made ready for the final production of the film. This would be where the schedule would be created for the cast and crew.The budgets will be allocated and storyboards are drawn. This is where everything will be prepared eg. costumes, props etc. The next stage is production and this is where the actual shooting of the film begins. The props are set up and all the clips are shot in that location before moving on. After this comes post production. This is were the movie is edited and polished. Scenes are cut and the audio is finalised. Any special effects are added and then the movie is considered locked. Afterwards there's distribution. This is when the films sent out as DVD's or in cinemas. This also involves promotions through interviews, film showings and film festival activities. The list below shows the steps included in film making. 

• Schedule 
• Script 
• Script Breakdown 
• Budget 
• Storyboards 
• Risk Assessment 
• Call Sheet 
• Clearances and Contracts 

Step 2 - TIME

A schedule is part of time management. A schedule is a sort of timetable for you to follow when doing a project. This keeps you on track for any deadlines you are needing to meet. Your schedule will tell you what you have to accomplish each day in order for you project to be finished on time. To make a schedule you can use Microsoft Word. If I was creating a Schedule I would use a table to help me. A schedule would include the time you need to be somewhere. The place/location you are shooting at. The cast members that have to be there. The props that are being used, and the shot that will be taken. Also any equipment needed and any risks at the location. All of these are involved so that nothing is forgotten and everyone can run on time and knows what they have to bring if they do so. This is what a schedule can look like.

Another aspect of time management would be the script. This will be included because you will know what shots are taken in each scene and what needs to be finished. It will also decide how many actors you need, what equipment and props you will need and what location/locations you will be filming at. This is an example of a professional script. 















The third part of time management would be the script breakdown. This happens when your script is locked and you will not be changing anything else therefore you would go through the script and number each scene. You breakdown you're script, as it's called. You would go through and mark in a colour key; Speaking actors, actors with no speaking parts, props, location, costumes etc. The colour key example is underneath. The script may look untidy but it will help you. You then go through the script breakdown and decide where about in the real world you can shoot these scenes that will end up being what you wanted. Most of this would be done by the location manager but its nice to know yourself to keep everything in check. You will go through the script and decide how many actors you need, not necessarily speaking main roles, but background actors to full a scene out. You could then even write a list at the bottom of the page of what costumes and props you need to save you looking through the script for colours etc. 

The last thing included in time management is the call sheet. A call sheet is a list for each cast and crew member, telling them where they need to be and at what times on what days. This would be included in time management because it will take a lot of time to go through each cast and crew member depending on how big the film is going to be and how many people are involved. It will need to include the dates that the person will need to be free for, the times that they will start and finish and what breaks they will have during the day, what they will need to bring with them eg. costumes, props, cameras etc. depending on what your job is throughout the film. Below is an example of a professional call sheet and how they are set out. 

STEP 3- RESOURCES

The first thing included in resources is a script. This will be included because when you write you're script you will need to decide what equipment etc you are going to need for the project. To do this you would need a word document so that you could note down all the things you will need. This will help you to remember what you need etc. 

Another thing you could use is the script breakdown. This helps you to mark down the resources you need. You do this by highlighting or colour coding your resources. This will help you when you go back to look at what you need because you will know what resources are highlighted in what colour. For example if all props were coded in blue, then you know you only have to look at what's coloured in blue. This will help you a lot because you wont have to read through the full script and find them, they will stand out to you. Which will make time shorter. 

Another thing that is included in resources is a budget. On a spreadsheet you will note down each resource which is going to cost you money. This would be things such as; Cameras that are being hired, actors that are being hired, locations you have to pay for and props and costumes you will need to buy/hire. These are all placed on here in order for you to remember what things you are going to need and the things you are going to have to pay for. 

As well as these there is a risk assessment. A risk assessment is a table explaining all the hazards or dangerous areas in the locations that you are working in. These could either be for the cast or the crew. This is included in resources because it is giving everyone involved a warning on what they have to look out for that could be dangerous. It may be different areas or the location, or things in the location. But this risk assessment is giving vital information to all involved. 

Lastly included in resources would be a call sheet. This is included because it will remind you of who is going to be involved in your project. For example all the cast that you will have performing, main roles or background and all the crew members involved, for example the cinematographers or set designers. 

STEP 4- BUDGET

Included in a budget is a script. This is included because when you are writing your script you are deciding what you want your story to be. Therefore you are deciding what props, actors, sets, locations etc you will need. This is all planning up to the final product. If you go with a detailed storyline with lots of locations etc then you are going to need more actors, crew, sets and equipment, therefore it is going to cost you more money. Which all leads down to the budget. The smaller and simpler the storyline the cheaper your budget is going to be so on so forth. So when you are writing your script, if you don't want t be spending a lot f money and have a high budget then you need to make your film simpler. Maybe use only to or three locations, maybe one that will be free. And only a few cheap actors that aren't going to cost you a lot of money, if so no money. This will help you to keep your budget as low as possible. 

A script breakdown is the next thing on budget. This is also included like a script because you will have coloured all of your resources, therefore you can go through and check what resources you will need and whether you will have to pay for them or not. these are all the things I talked about in the paragraph above. Things such as, locations actors and equipment etc. this then may hep you to cut down a bit. This will probably take up some time if you need to go back and take parts out of the script but if it makes your budget smaller then it will help in some way. 

The next thing included would be a budget itself. A budget is an excel spreadsheet that will add up what your film is going to cost. This will all be marked on the left hand side of the spreadsheet, in the next column, you would have 'number of days'. This means the number of days you need to hire that certain thing for. Then in the final column you would have prices. You would put in here all the prices of each resource at the price they cost to hire for a certain amount of days. You will then have a total budget of the film altogether. This budget will be an aim. You would aim to stay at this price meaning the amount of days you are hiring equipment for, needs to stay the same otherwise its going to cost more money. This means you need to make sure all the filming goes well and sticks to the timetable in order for your cost to stay as low as possible. here is an example of a budget. 

STEP 5- COMMUNICATION

The first thing communication contains is a script. This is included because the directors would talk to the actors or crew members to tell them what they have to do. They would explain what the story line is and what they will be needed to do. For example, you would explain to your actors that you want them to start in a certain place and what to do next. Eg. Walk towards the TV and pick up the remote. Or if you were talking to your camera crew, you may say to camera man 1 have a close up from behind the TV of the actor. This is all done through communication and talking to the cast and crew to inform them what they have to do.

The next thing included is the script breakdown. This is included because you would tell your cast and crew what colours are what. For example, you may give out a script breakdown to all cast and crew members. This will help them to know what they need. If you have made a list of all the things included like props and costumes and coloured them then it is easier for everyone involved to know what they need. You would explain to them that all props are in yellow and all speaking roles are in green (this is just an example). Then they would be able to find whatever they are using easier.

As well as these, storyboards are involved in communication. They are included because you would go through the storyboard and show the camera operators each picture. You would do this because then the camera crew can see where about's they will need to be standing when filming each shot. You would explain to them 'the actor will be stood facing the front, i want you to be at the right of her but a panning shot around to in front of her'. This would be communicating what you want to happen through talking instead of it being written down on paper for everyone to read and understand. Talking to your cast and crew may make things easier for some people to understand. Underneath are two different examples of storyboard. Some people will just draw their storyboard whereas others may write on the bottom of the picture to explain to themselves what they are wanting to see. 

The last thing included in communication is a call sheet. A call sheet would be involved because communication is all about talking and the call sheet is when you ring up your; cast and crew, hiring companies and any other things you need such as costume people or who your hiring props off. This is when you ring them up to make sure the contact numbers, names and addresses are correct etc. You may also use these if you need an extra rehearsal or shooting date that needs to be arranged. You would use these number to ask your cast and crew to see if they can make it. Call sheets are all about communication. They also explain to everyone the dates times and locations. This means your cast and crew could all get in touch with each other in case they were needed. Maybe your location is a large place and your actor may need to be at one side of the sight but then is suddenly needed at the other side. This means anyone from the crew or cast can get in touch with them and ask them to come over.


STEP 6- PERMISSION

There is only one thing included in permission and this is clearances and contacts. This is a letter that declares all that needs to be said. It will be signed by each cast and crew member in order for them to be used in the film. It will state things such as; 'you will be available to film at ...... location' This will then be filled in by the person. At the top of this letter there will be a space where the company/directors name and address would be and also a space for the cast or crew member to pout their name and address. At the bottom of this letter there will be a space for the members signature. This is in permission because it means you are being allowed to use the members, or even the companies you are hiring equipment from it is part of copyright that must be signed before being able to film.You have to sign for the right before you do anything in order for yo to use things that have already been produced. Here is an example of a permission letter.

Hopefully my information will help along the way of making a film.